Disparitas Harga Beras Medium terhadap Harga Eceran Tertinggi (HET) dan Implikasinya terhadap Inflasi Pangan di Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55180/aft.v5i2.2066Kata Kunci:
medium rice, stabilization, HET, disparity, inflation, beras medium, stabilisasi, disparitas, inflasiAbstrak
Medium-grade rice is a strategic staple food consumed by the Indonesian people. Rice price stability is achieved through the Highest Retail Price (HET) policy, which is implemented to protect middle- and lower-income consumers. However, the price of medium-grade rice tends to exceed the HET, which may contribute to inflation. Therefore, the effectiveness of the HET for rice needs to be reexamined. This study aims to analyze the disparity and effectiveness of the HET for medium-grade rice, based on the zoning system, and the relationship between price disparity and food inflation. The methods used in this study are statistical analysis and correlation with secondary data sourced from the Statistics Indonesia (BPS), the National Food and Agriculture Agency (Bapanas), and the Ministry of Agriculture. The results show that the price of medium-grade rice at the consumer level consistently exceeds the HET set across all zones, with an average disparity of 4.18% (zone 1), 7.36% (zone 2), and 15.68% (zone 3). Furthermore, there is a strong positive correlation between the price disparity of medium-grade rice compared to the HET in the previous month and food inflation. Policy implications include the government's immediate distribution of CBP rice and adjustment of the HET for medium-grade rice.
Keywords: medium rice; stabilization; HET; disparity; inflation
ABSTRAK
Beras kualitas medium merupakan bahan pangan pokok strategis yang dikonsumsi oleh masyarakat Indonesia. Stabilitas harga beras dicapai melalui kebijakan Harga Eceran Tertinggi (HET) yang diterapkan untuk melindungi konsumen berpenghasilan menengah ke bawah. Namun, harga beras kualitas medium cenderung melebihi HET, yang dapat berkontribusi pada inflasi. Oleh karena itu, efektivitas HET untuk beras perlu dikaji ulang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis disparitas dan efektivitas HET untuk beras kualitas medium, berdasarkan sistem zonasi, dan hubungan antara disparitas harga dan inflasi pangan. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis statistik dan korelasi dengan data sekunder yang bersumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS), Badan Pangan dan Pertanian Nasional (Bapanas), dan Kementerian Pertanian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa harga beras kualitas medium di tingkat konsumen secara konsisten melebihi HET yang ditetapkan di semua zona, dengan disparitas rata-rata 4,18% (zona 1), 7,36% (zona 2), dan 15,68% (zona 3). Lebih lanjut, terdapat korelasi positif yang kuat antara disparitas harga beras medium dibandingkan dengan HET bulan sebelumnya dan inflasi pangan. Implikasi kebijakan meliputi penyaluran beras CBP secara langsung oleh pemerintah dan penyesuaian HET untuk beras medium.
Kata Kunci: beras medium; stabilisasi; HET; disparitas; inflasi
Referensi
Alam, M., Lou, G., Abbas, W., Osti, R., Ahmad, A., Bista, S., Ahiakpa, J. K., & He, Y. (2024). Improving Rice Grain Quality Through Ecotype Breeding for Enhancing Food and Nutritional Security in Asia–Pacific Region. Rice, 17(1), 47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-024-00725-9
Antriyandarti, E., Melati, N. S. K., & Maulana, R. A. (2024). Understanding factors affecting rice purchasing decisions in Indonesia: Does rice brand matter? Open Agriculture, 9(1), 20220303. https://doi.org/10.1515/opag-2022-0303
Aulia Martina, A., Dulbari, D., Kartahadimaja, J., & Subarjo, S. (2024). Kualitas Beras dan Kandungan Gizi Tiga Genotipe Padi yang Dibudidayakan secara Organik dan Non Organik. J-Plantasimbiosa, 6(1), 38–52. https://doi.org/10.25181/jplantasimbiosa.v6i1.3512
Bapanas. (2024). Rencana Aksi Badan Pangan Nasional Tahun 2024. Badan Pangan Nasional.
Barreiro-Hurle, J., & Witwer, M. (2013). MAFAP Methodological Implementation Guide: Volume I. Analysis of price incentives and disincentives (Vol. 1). MAFAP Technical Notes Series. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/bbb9ed9b-a3a3-466e-b628-8941901f3d8f
BPS. (2023). Proyeksi Penduduk Indonesia 2020-2050 Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2020. https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2023/05/16/fad83131cd3bb9be3bb2a657/proyeksi-penduduk-indonesia-2020-2050-hasil-sensus-penduduk-2020.html
BPS. (2025). Konsumsi Kalori dan Protein Penduduk Indonesia dan Provinsi September 2024 (Vol. 29). https://www.bps.go.id/id/publication/2025/05/28/bccaa8caf6410dadc6fc4862/konsumsi-kalori-dan-protein-penduduk-indonesia-dan-provinsi-september-2024.html
Evans, J. D. (1996). Straightforward statistics for the behavioral sciences (hlm. xxii, 600). Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing Co.
Hermanto, H., & Saptana, S. (2017). Kebijakan Harga Beras Ditinjau dari Dimensi Penentu Harga. Forum penelitian Agro Ekonomi, 35(1), 31. https://doi.org/10.21082/fae.v35n1.2017.31-43
Marizka, J., Aghniya, H. K., Semandhing, L. D., & Mujahidah, H. (2024). Menginterpretasikan Kebijakan Pemerintah dalam Menghadapi Kenaikan Harga Beras. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Bisnis (EK&BI), 7(2), 534–545. https://doi.org/10.37600/ek&bi.v7i2.1688
Novita, D., Suharno, S., Nurmalina, R., & Nuryantoro, N. (2024). THE EFFECT OF RICE PRICE ON THE INDONESIAN INFLATION IN A NEW INSTITUTIONAL ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE. Agrisocionomics: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 8(2), 621–636. https://doi.org/10.14710/agrisocionomics.v8i2.24146
Pangesti, A. W., Darsono, D., & Antriyandarti, E. (2023). CAUSALITY ANALYSIS OF RICE PRICES WITH INFLATION RATE IN INDONESIA. Agrisocionomics: Jurnal Sosial Ekonomi Pertanian, 7(3), 539–549. https://doi.org/10.14710/agrisocionomics.v7i3.16460
Pearson, K., & Galton, F. (1997). VII. Note on regression and inheritance in the case of two parents. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 58(347–352), 240–242. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspl.1895.0041
Prabowo, A., & Pudjianto, M. (2023). Logistics Costs of Rice and Soybean: Issues, Challenges, and the Impact of Regulations. Center for Indonesian Policy Studies (CIPS). https://doi.org/10.35497/563232
Putri, A. T., Darma, R., Fudjaja, L., Arsyad, M., & Amiruddin, A. (2019). Rice Price Ceiling (HET) regulation’s effect toward rice’s inflation rate in South Sulawesi. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 343(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/343/1/012112
Rachman, B., Agustian, A., & Syaifudin, A. (2023). Implikasi Kebijakan Harga Eceran Tertinggi Beras Terhadap Profitabilitas Usaha Tani Padi, Harga, Kualitas, serta Serapan Beras. Analisis Kebijakan Pertanian, 17(1), 59–77. https://doi.org/10.21082/akp.v17n1.2019.59-77
Sinaga, J. P., Hendriadi, A., Firdaus, M., Fauzi, A., & Arsanti, I. W. (2021). Analysis of Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) on Retail Prices of Medium Rice and Red Chili in Java. Jurnal Manajemen dan Agribisnis, 18(2). https://doi.org/10.17358/jma.18.2.144
Thirtawati, T., Aryani, D., & Sufri, M. (2019). DAMPAK PENETAPAN HARGA ECERAN TERTINGGI TERHADAP HARGA DAN KETERSEDIAAN BERAS DI TINGKAT PEDAGANG PASAR TRADISIONAL SUMATERA SELATAN. JSEP (Journal of Social and Agricultural Economics), 12(3), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.19184/jsep.v12i03.14042
Walpole, R., Meyers, R., Myers, S., & Ye, K. (2022). Probability & Statistics for Engineers & Scientists. Pearson.
Wardani, C., Jamhari, J., Hardyastuti, S., & Suryantini, A. (2019). Kinerja Ketahanan Beras Di Indonesia: Komparasi Jawa Dan Luar Jawa Periode 2005-2017. Jurnal Ketahanan Nasional, 25(1), 107. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkn.41770
